Consuming delta-8 can lead to many unintended side effects, including psychosis. Psychosis can occur due to the regular consumption of cannabis products and can even trigger long-lasting mental health conditions. The risks of delta-8 THC are varied and not worth the potential adverse effects that it can have on your health.Dry mouth and red eyes are two common side effects of Delta 8. These are caused by the cannabinoids in Delta 8 binding to receptors in the body that control saliva production and blood flow to the eyes. Delta 8 can also cause dizziness, anxiety, paranoia, and headaches in some people.Jun 28, 2023 · Delta 8 may affect bladder control in dogs. This could lead to accidents and incontinence issues that can be distressing for both the dog and their owner. Furthermore, lethargy and dizziness are possible side effects of delta 8 in dogs. These symptoms can greatly impact a dog's overall well-being and quality of life. When taken by mouth: There isn't enough reliable information to know if delta-8-THC is safe.It might cause side effects such as difficulty thinking and speaking, and feeling "high." Regular use ... Delta 8 THC is the most commonly found cannabinoid due to its greater popularity and high potency. Delta 10 THC does not have the same medical benefits because of its lower levels. Also, Delta 8 THC can cause paranoia or anxiety, while Delta 10 THC has fewer reported side effects making it safer to use.CHARLESTON, W.Va. (WSAZ) - The West Virginia Poison Center is warning citizens about the dangers of Delta-8-THC. This is a drug that’s being sold as fruit flavored gummies and vaping solutions ...Feb 21, 2022 · Most of the side effects for Delta-8 are minor and will often pass once you determine your ideal dosage. Delta 8 Legal States. Delta-8 is federally legal in all states due to the 2018 Farm Bill. However, individual states have the power to pass different laws that minimize the maximum dosage, or where Delta-8 is allowed to be sold. Jun 28, 2023 · Delta 8 may affect bladder control in dogs. This could lead to accidents and incontinence issues that can be distressing for both the dog and their owner. Furthermore, lethargy and dizziness are possible side effects of delta 8 in dogs. These symptoms can greatly impact a dog's overall well-being and quality of life. Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ... Jun 23, 2023 · A few short-term side effects are associated with delta 8 THC, but they’re similar to those involved in using delta 9 THC. Everybody reacts differently to tetrahydrocannabinol; some people might be more sensitive to its cognitive effects. The main short-term side effects of delta 8 THC include: Dry mouth. Problems with coordination. 1 day ago · Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ... Aug 23, 2021 · What Are the Negative Side Effects of Delta 8 THC In Pets? Several unwanted side effects often crop up in pets that have taken THC. Most of them are minor, but some pets have complications. 1. THC Can Cause Stress. Delta 8 THC is revered for its lack of anxious side effects. While this is true in humans, it doesn’t appear to be the case for ... A few short-term side effects are associated with delta 8 THC, but they’re similar to those involved in using delta 9 THC. Everybody reacts differently to tetrahydrocannabinol; some people might be more sensitive to its cognitive effects. The main short-term side effects of delta 8 THC include: Dry mouth. Problems with coordination.Sep 2, 2022 · The side effects of delta-8 THC are expected to be temporary and may last up to 4-6 hours The therapeutic and recreational benefits of delta-8 THC may outweigh the cons Steps you can do to support a positive delta-8 THC experience include speaking with your doctor, researching for a trusted company, and choosing a safe environment Jun 3, 2023 · Does Delta 8 have side effects? For most people, the delta 8 high is mellow and relaxing. However, this assumes that the user is taking a moderate amount. Taking too much delta 8 can cause a wide range of side effects. The good news is that they’re mostly mild and are rarely dangerous or life-threatening. Jun 23, 2023 · A few short-term side effects are associated with delta 8 THC, but they’re similar to those involved in using delta 9 THC. Everybody reacts differently to tetrahydrocannabinol; some people might be more sensitive to its cognitive effects. The main short-term side effects of delta 8 THC include: Dry mouth. Problems with coordination. Feb 11, 2022 · Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets. Delta-8’s prevalence in live cannabis is minimal. It is usually created when delta-9 THC breaks down through a process known as oxidization or isomerization. In fact, delta-8 THC is a much more stable compound, unlike delta-9 THC that easily gets oxidized to form cannabinol (CBN) or delta-8-THC. You can call delta-8 delta-9 THC’s younger ... May 3, 2021 · Now, we can share the potential side effects of delta 10, because we have enough information to know that it shares many properties in common with delta 8. #1: Dry Mouth Dry mouth is a common side effect with any type of THC compound because tetrahydrocannabinol binds to the cannabinoid receptors within the salivary glands and causes them to ... Jun 5, 2022 · Consuming delta-8 can lead to many unintended side effects, including psychosis. Psychosis can occur due to the regular consumption of cannabis products and can even trigger long-lasting mental health conditions. The risks of delta-8 THC are varied and not worth the potential adverse effects that it can have on your health. Why are people using it? A survey of delta-8 users backs this up, with respondents reporting feeling less paranoid, less anxious and having a “nicer” high compared with delta-9-THC. The most...concentrated delta-8 THC are also available online. Delta-8 THC products are sometimes marketed as “weed light” or “diet weed.” The health effects of delta-8 THC have not yet been researched extensively and are not well-understood. However, delta-8 THC is psychoactive and may have similar risks of impairment as delta-9 THC.4 As Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for psychosis in relation to use of this compound. We present two cases, a 20-year-old and a 35-year-old, in whom the effects of Delta-8-THC were dramatic and consequential, leading to severe psychosis and lasting depression and suicidal ideation. There has been a remarkable increase in the ...Figure 1. Potential Health Effects of Delta-9 THC and CBD. 5,13. Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8 THC) is another increasingly available cannabinoid that has psychoactive effects. 14-15. Because it is found in cannabis plants in only trace amounts, it is typically synthesized from CBD by using chemicals. The manufacturing process may ...Delta-8 has psychoactive and intoxicating effects that resemble marijuana, and when packaged like snacks that are appealing to kids, its adverse effects can be severe if ingested. According to ...Aug 22, 2023 · Conclusion: The Safety of Delta 8. In conclusion, while delta-8 THC does carry potential risks and side effects, it can be considered relatively safe when used responsibly. Prioritize quality, adhere to recommended dosages, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns. Individuals who consume delta 8 may also experience red eyes due to blood vessel dilation in the eyes. While these side effects are temporary and typically subside after a few hours, they can still cause discomfort for some users. Another potential side effect of both delta 8 and real weed is drowsiness.Jun 3, 2023 · Does Delta 8 have side effects? For most people, the delta 8 high is mellow and relaxing. However, this assumes that the user is taking a moderate amount. Taking too much delta 8 can cause a wide range of side effects. The good news is that they’re mostly mild and are rarely dangerous or life-threatening. Jun 14, 2023 · The duration of Delta 8 THC depends on several factors. Larger doses typically cause stronger and more lasting effects, especially when it comes to tinctures and edibles. The method of consumption also affects how long the effects of Delta 8 THC can last. The biggest contributing factor will be yourself. Sometimes a smaller dose may affect you ... Delta 8 produces milder, more controlled, and longer-lasting effects when compared to those traditionally caused by Delta 9 THC. This is positive because you get to experience the whole set of therapeutic and recreational effects and benefits, minus the mind-bogging high of cannabis.So while the two have similar uses, delta-8 is usually chosen by people who don’t have legal access to delta-9 THC or experience unwanted effects. Safety & Side Effects. Delta-8 and delta-9 THC can cause the same side effects, including anxiety, red eyes, dry mouth, sleepiness, impaired memory, and slowed perception of time.U.S. health officials are warning about the potential dangers of "delta-8 THC," a compound derived from marijuana, after seeing an increase in hospitalizations tied to the substance. On Tuesday ...Conclusion: The Safety of Delta 8. In conclusion, while delta-8 THC does carry potential risks and side effects, it can be considered relatively safe when used responsibly. Prioritize quality, adhere to recommended dosages, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.Jun 3, 2023 · These effects come with a few side effects so you need to understand what to expect if you're going to start a Delta 8 THC regimen. Effects of Delta 8 THC on Your Nervous System As we’ve mentioned, Delta 8 THC is a powerful cannabinoid that has the ability to bind with CB1 receptors in your brain which can cause everything from anxiety and ... The difference between Delta-8 and Delta-9 is subtle: Both will get you stoned, but the former is about half as potent as the latter. Many people claim that Delta-8 is a smoother, less anxious psychoactive experience than the more familiar Delta-9. It also seems to have additional medicinal effects than regular THC, such as better pain relief ...The “8” in delta-8 stands for the placement of a chemical bond, one step over from where it sits in delta-9. Its structural similarity allows it to have similar effects. However, there are key differences. Delta-8 can be smoked in cartridges similar to standard cartridges bought for detla-9 or CBD. photo credit.Jan 5, 2023 · Tip #6: Avoid Alcohol. Alcohol is known to interact with many medications, so avoid drinking alcohol if you are already taking both delta-8 and a prescription drug. While there is a lot that we do not know about delta-8 THC, it is better to be a bit more cautious rather than regret your choices. If you are taking prescription medications, talk ... Delta 8 Side Effects. That brings us to delta-8 side effects. It’s important to mention that delta 8 THC has incredibly positive effects that consumers of all backgrounds are finding. But, it’s also crucial to address that you may come across some delta 8 THC side effects that you might not find super appealing.Delta 8 produces milder, more controlled, and longer-lasting effects when compared to those traditionally caused by Delta 9 THC. This is positive because you get to experience the whole set of therapeutic and recreational effects and benefits, minus the mind-bogging high of cannabis.The regular intoxicating dose of delta 8 THC is estimated at 5–30 mg per serving. The typical dosage range of delta 8 THC is between 10 mg and 60 mg. Most people feel moderately intoxicated after taking 20, 25, or 30 mg doses. Amounts between 1–5 mg are good for lightweight users and microdosers.Most of the side effects for Delta-8 are minor and will often pass once you determine your ideal dosage. Delta 8 Legal States. Delta-8 is federally legal in all states due to the 2018 Farm Bill. However, individual states have the power to pass different laws that minimize the maximum dosage, or where Delta-8 is allowed to be sold.Delta 8 can be beneficial due to its potential benefits: Help soothe an upset stomach. Provide a boost in appetite. Alleviate aches, soreness, and general physical discomfort. Stimulate proper digestion. Boost and uplift your mood. Support calmness and overall wellbeing. Assist in improving quality of sleep.In summary, these are the effects that you can expect after consuming a Delta 8 infused product: Clear-headed high. Better focus and concentration. Feelings of relaxation, comfort, and calmness. Improved appetite. Most will describe taking Delta 8 as a very pleasant and uplifting experience.The effects of delta 8 THC are pleasant and, therefore, can become addictive even if used responsibly. Substances that provide an escape from reality and alleviate stress can become habit-forming. Delta 8 THC is no different from any other substance that alleviates discomfort and stress.No clinical trials studying the effects of delta 8 distillate usage via vaporization have yet to be conducted. You literally searched "Delta 8" which brought up a couple studies of short term effects as a treatment for some medical conditions, and a whole lot of studies regarding other chemicals that happen to have delta 8 in their names ... Nov 29, 2021 · However, if you have consumed too much Delta-8, you could potentially experience the following adverse effects: Trouble Concentrating: Delta-8 has a rep for helping users focus. If you’re having trouble concentrating, you may have taken too much. Too Much of a Head or Body High: If you feel couch-locked or like you have too intense of a head ... Side Effects of Synthetic Delta-8. Delta-8 THC has both psychoactive and intoxicating effects (whether it is derived from hemp extract or not) The FDA has severally received cases of people who have reported adverse intoxicating effects of delta-8 THC such as difficulty thinking and speaking. Regular use might also cause cannabinoid hyperemesis ...The High of Delta 8 THC vs. Delta 9 THC. The typical side effects reported by delta 9 THC users are anxiety and paranoia; they occur at very high doses and can be easily triggered in reactive users. Delta 8 THC is completely different in this facet. While it can induce intoxication, you won’t feel out of control.Possible Side Effects of Delta 8 THC. The delta 8 THC high feels mellow, and the list of health benefits is impressive, to say the least. That being said, consuming too much delta 8 can trigger some mild side effects, including: Red eyes. Dry mouth.Most of the side effects for Delta-8 are minor and will often pass once you determine your ideal dosage. Delta 8 Legal States. Delta-8 is federally legal in all states due to the 2018 Farm Bill. However, individual states have the power to pass different laws that minimize the maximum dosage, or where Delta-8 is allowed to be sold.The High of Delta 8 THC vs. Delta 9 THC. The typical side effects reported by delta 9 THC users are anxiety and paranoia; they occur at very high doses and can be easily triggered in reactive users. Delta 8 THC is completely different in this facet. While it can induce intoxication, you won’t feel out of control.Apr 15, 2023 · But, according to early research and some user reports, if you are looking to try delta-8, be aware of these possible side effects: -Dry mouth. -Increased appetite. -Anxiety and paranoia ... The High of Delta 8 THC vs. Delta 9 THC. The typical side effects reported by delta 9 THC users are anxiety and paranoia; they occur at very high doses and can be easily triggered in reactive users. Delta 8 THC is completely different in this facet. While it can induce intoxication, you won’t feel out of control.May 3, 2021 · Now, we can share the potential side effects of delta 10, because we have enough information to know that it shares many properties in common with delta 8. #1: Dry Mouth Dry mouth is a common side effect with any type of THC compound because tetrahydrocannabinol binds to the cannabinoid receptors within the salivary glands and causes them to ... Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ... Jun 14, 2023 · The duration of Delta 8 THC depends on several factors. Larger doses typically cause stronger and more lasting effects, especially when it comes to tinctures and edibles. The method of consumption also affects how long the effects of Delta 8 THC can last. The biggest contributing factor will be yourself. Sometimes a smaller dose may affect you ... But, according to early research and some user reports, if you are looking to try delta-8, be aware of these possible side effects: -Dry mouth. -Increased appetite. -Anxiety and paranoia ...Side Effects of Synthetic Delta-8. Delta-8 THC has both psychoactive and intoxicating effects (whether it is derived from hemp extract or not) The FDA has severally received cases of people who have reported adverse intoxicating effects of delta-8 THC such as difficulty thinking and speaking. Regular use might also cause cannabinoid hyperemesis ...Healthline states that “Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like: red eyes, dry mouth, rapid heart rate, trouble with coordination, slowed reaction times, anxiety, and memory loss.”. Past that, consuming untrustworthy Delta 8 products might cause some light physical ailments, or ... Jun 5, 2022 · Consuming delta-8 can lead to many unintended side effects, including psychosis. Psychosis can occur due to the regular consumption of cannabis products and can even trigger long-lasting mental health conditions. The risks of delta-8 THC are varied and not worth the potential adverse effects that it can have on your health. Delta-8 is not safe and has resulted in medical emergencies and calls to poison control centers. Between December 2020 and February 2022, the FDA received more than 100 reports of major safety concerns, side effects and overdose with delta-8 THC in both children and adults.How Long Do I Need to Wait for the Effects of Delta 8 THC? The effects of delta 8 THC usually take hold within 10–20 minutes when vaporized; 1–1.5 hours if you take a delta 8 THC tincture; and 2–3 hours when you take oral forms such as capsules or gummies. Delta 8 THC works similarly to any other cannabinoid-based product.Aug 23, 2021 · What Are the Negative Side Effects of Delta 8 THC In Pets? Several unwanted side effects often crop up in pets that have taken THC. Most of them are minor, but some pets have complications. 1. THC Can Cause Stress. Delta 8 THC is revered for its lack of anxious side effects. While this is true in humans, it doesn’t appear to be the case for ... Delta 8 can be beneficial due to its potential benefits: Help soothe an upset stomach. Provide a boost in appetite. Alleviate aches, soreness, and general physical discomfort. Stimulate proper digestion. Boost and uplift your mood. Support calmness and overall wellbeing. Assist in improving quality of sleep.Sep 28, 2022 · It found that delta 8 could have the following effects: visual distortions. euphoria. relaxation. difficulties with thinking and speaking. More recently, a 2021 study surveyed delta 8 users. About ... But, like delta-9 THC, consuming too much can lead to unwelcome side effects: lethargy, low heart rate, and other signs of being uncomfortably high. In the legal cannabis industry, delta-8 ...Delta 8 THC Side Effects. Similarly to delta 9 THC, delta 8 THC may cause the following side effects: anxiety; increased heart rate; dry mouth; increased sensitivity of the five senses; Since delta 8 THC is synthetically produced, it is not always known what goes into the production process. The FDA has reported adverse effects after using ...Each gummy jar from Just Delta comes with 250mg and 1000mg, each infused with 25mg of Delta-8 THC. Allow yourself to be thrilled by the exquisite selection of Delta 8 gummies from Just Delta. Embarking on this tranquil journey with Just Delta might require patience, as the effects take time to work but remain for an extended duration. Apr 14, 2021 · With delta-8 expected to have less intense effects than traditional THC, I decided to try them in separate doses of 50mg and 100mg, or two and four gummies, respectively. Activation time on the ... tbh delta 8 gives me the shits more times than not. whether that be dabbing it or hitting the pen, i almost always need to shit after smoking. makes my stomach hurt sometimes. that happened rarely with me when i was smoking delta 9, but not often. other than that, i haven’t had any other side effects. it makes me cough way more than delta 9 ...Jul 8, 2021 · Both produce a euphoric, fuzzy feeling, but Delta-8 causes a milder high. In fact, Delta-8 is often referred to as “marijuana-lite” or “diet weed.” Other common THC side effects like... concentrated delta-8 THC are also available online. Delta-8 THC products are sometimes marketed as “weed light” or “diet weed.” The health effects of delta-8 THC have not yet been researched extensively and are not well-understood. However, delta-8 THC is psychoactive and may have similar risks of impairment as delta-9 THC.4 As“We found that people who are utilizing delta-8-THC feel fewer negative side effects, and they are using it in modalities that are safer, like vaping or edibles or using topically,” study ...Apr 21, 2022 · Delta-8 health risks are alarming as the substance has psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Before mentioning the delta-8 THC dangers, there are a few positive side effects. Notably, delta-8 helps soothe an upset stomach and stimulates proper digestion. The drug can uplift mood and support a calm state of mind while improving sleep patterns. Does Delta 8 have side effects? For most people, the delta 8 high is mellow and relaxing. However, this assumes that the user is taking a moderate amount. Taking too much delta 8 can cause a wide range of side effects. The good news is that they’re mostly mild and are rarely dangerous or life-threatening.Users prefer delta-8 over delta-9 THC due to its smooth high and negligible side effects. It also serves as a more appealing option of the two. After consuming delta-8 gummies, it takes ...Delta-8 THC is an excellent start for those looking to try the benefits of cannabis without worrying much about the extreme side effects such as short-term memory loss, paranoia, or anxiety.Other side effects: As research and studies are limited in magnitude, most experts are still unaware of the vast scopes and side effects of Delta-8 THC supplements. As per some consumers and experts, some of the other noted side effects can be slow heart rate, drowsiness, high heart rate, feeling numb, and fluctuating blood pressure.Jul 13, 2023 · Delta 8 causes the salivary glands to slow production. The consistency of your saliva may also change, becoming thicker and more sticky. Although this side effect is one of the most common, it’s short-lasting and mild. Cotton mouth will usually fade alongside the psychoactive effects of delta 8 THC. Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol is an organic compound similar to Delta-9 THC— the compound thought of when referring to marijuana. Both Delta-8 and Delta-9 have a highly similar chemical structure with only one slight difference in their chemical makeup. “Delta-8 is similar to THC, in the sense that it binds to these cannabinoid receptors in ...
tbh delta 8 gives me the shits more times than not. whether that be dabbing it or hitting the pen, i almost always need to shit after smoking. makes my stomach hurt sometimes. that happened rarely with me when i was smoking delta 9, but not often. other than that, i haven’t had any other side effects. it makes me cough way more than delta 9 .... Brenntag mid south inc
Dry mouth and red eyes are two common side effects of Delta 8. These are caused by the cannabinoids in Delta 8 binding to receptors in the body that control saliva production and blood flow to the eyes. Delta 8 can also cause dizziness, anxiety, paranoia, and headaches in some people.CHARLESTON, W.Va. (WSAZ) - The West Virginia Poison Center is warning citizens about the dangers of Delta-8-THC. This is a drug that’s being sold as fruit flavored gummies and vaping solutions ...Key takeaways: Delta-8 THC is an active ingredient (cannabinoid) of the cannabis plant. But most delta-8 products are man-made from converted CBD oil. The biggest risk of delta-8 THC is that it’s not regulated, which means that safety, purity, and strength can’t be guaranteed.One of the most notable and scientifically supported benefits of Delta 8 THC is its ability to reduce and relieve nausea and vomiting. In one particular study, it eliminated stomach upset in children undergoing intense cancer treatments, without any notable side effects. Delta 8 has been shown to aid in appetite stimulation and nutrient absorption.Delta 8 may affect bladder control in dogs. This could lead to accidents and incontinence issues that can be distressing for both the dog and their owner. Furthermore, lethargy and dizziness are possible side effects of delta 8 in dogs. These symptoms can greatly impact a dog's overall well-being and quality of life.Mar 31, 2021 · Unexpected Side Effects of Delta-8 THC. 1. New Mental Clarity. One of the most welcomed changes I experienced this week was a massive shift in my mindset. I have a tendency to procrastinate and often let my anxiety get the best of me before I even have a chance to start something new. Tip #6: Avoid Alcohol. Alcohol is known to interact with many medications, so avoid drinking alcohol if you are already taking both delta-8 and a prescription drug. While there is a lot that we do not know about delta-8 THC, it is better to be a bit more cautious rather than regret your choices. If you are taking prescription medications, talk ...The chances of Delta-8 causing a chronic case of vertigo are incredibly low, but it is possible that Delta-8 could cause a mild case of dizziness. Typically, just maintaining proper hydration and paying attention to your Delta-8 dosage can reduce the chance of experiencing these side effects. Also make sure that the Delta-8-THC product you ...Feb 21, 2022 · Most of the side effects for Delta-8 are minor and will often pass once you determine your ideal dosage. Delta 8 Legal States. Delta-8 is federally legal in all states due to the 2018 Farm Bill. However, individual states have the power to pass different laws that minimize the maximum dosage, or where Delta-8 is allowed to be sold. No clinical trials studying the effects of delta 8 distillate usage via vaporization have yet to be conducted. You literally searched "Delta 8" which brought up a couple studies of short term effects as a treatment for some medical conditions, and a whole lot of studies regarding other chemicals that happen to have delta 8 in their names ... Jul 10, 2021 · The effects of delta 8 THC are pleasant and, therefore, can become addictive even if used responsibly. Substances that provide an escape from reality and alleviate stress can become habit-forming. Delta 8 THC is no different from any other substance that alleviates discomfort and stress. When taken by mouth: There isn't enough reliable information to know if delta-8-THC is safe.It might cause side effects such as difficulty thinking and speaking, and feeling "high." Regular use ... Oct 29, 2021 · Delta 8 Benefits. Delta 8 produces mild feelings of euphoria and relaxation. It can potentially help with swelling and discomfort. For those sensitive, to the intense effects, Delta 9 can induce, Delta 8 is milder and should not cause any paranoia. Congruently, D8 may prevent queasiness and a disrupted stomach. Users prefer delta-8 over delta-9 THC due to its smooth high and negligible side effects. It also serves as a more appealing option of the two. After consuming delta-8 gummies, it takes ...Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ... Delta-8 can cause users to feel a “high.”. While people may use delta-8 to achieve relaxation or an uplifted mood, it can also come with adverse side effects. A person may experience slowed reaction times, loss of coordination, rapid heart rate, and other effects..